Thiên Hậu Thánh Mẫu (天后聖母) hay Bà Thiên Hậu(婆天后), còn gọi là Ma Tổ (媽祖), Mẫu Tổ (母祖), hay là Thiên Thượng Thánh Mẫu (天上聖母) hoặc Thiên Hậu Nguyên quân (天后元君); là một vị thần quan trọng trong tín ngưỡng của người Trung Hoa và người Việt gốc Hoa. Tuy không phải mẫu thần người Kinh, nhưng rất nhiều người Kinh tôn thờ bà, và những dân Minh Hương bị đồng hoá thành người Kinh vẫn còn thờ phụng Bà Thiên Hậu.
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Thần tích
Theo học giả Vương Hồng Sển thì bà có tên là Lâm Mặc Nương, người đảo Mi Châu, thuộc Bồ Dương (Phúc Kiến). Bà sinh ngày 23 tháng 3 năm Giáp Thân (1044), đời vua Tống Nhân Tông. Mẹ của bà phải mang thai 14 tháng mới hạ sinh. Sau đó, tám tuổi bà biết đọc, mười một tuổi bà tu theo Phật giáo. Mười ba tuổi, bà thọ lãnh thiên thơ: thần Võ Y xuống cho một bộ “Nguyên vị bí quyết” và bà tìm được dưới giếng lạn một xấp cổ thư khác, rồi coi theo đó mà luyện tập đắc đạo, bà còn xem thiên văn trên biển cho ngư dân đảo Mi Châu.
Một lần, cha bà tên Lâm Nguyện ngồi thuyền cùng hai trai (anh của bà), chở muối đi bán tỉnh Giang Tây, giữa đường thuyền lâm bão lớn…Lúc đó bà đang ngồi dệt vải cạnh mẹ và trong lúc ngủ đã xuất thần để đi cứu cha và hai anh. Bà dùng răng cắn được chéo áo của cha, hai tay nắm hai anh, giữa lúc đó mẹ kêu gọi bà thức giấc, bà vừa hở môi trả lời thì sóng cuốn cha đi mất dạng, chỉ cứu được hai anh. Từ đó, mỗi khi thuyền bè ngoài biển bị nạn người ta đều gọi vái đến bà. Năm Canh Dần (1110) nhà Tống sắc phong cho bà là “Thiên Hậu Thánh Mẫu”.
Theo những tài liệu khác cho biết bà sinh năm 960 tại đảo Mi Châu, huyện Bồ Điền, phủ Hưng Hóa, tỉnh Phúc Kiến; là con thứ 7 của ngư phủ Lâm Nguyện, còn gọi là Lâm Thiện Nhân. Ông nội bà từng là Tổng đốc ở Phúc Kiến. Khi sinh ra bà không khóc không la, nên còn gọi là Mặc Nương (“Cô gái im lặng”). Nổi tiếng bơi giỏi từ năm 15 tuổi. Năm 16 tuổi, Lâm Mặc Nương lượm được 2 miếng “Đồng phù” (bùa vẽ trên miếng đồng) ở dưới giếng nước và tập luyện theo, nên trở thành có phép lạ và nổi danh từ đó qua những sự việc được cứu người vượt biển và thu phục và cảm hóa các vị ác thần (như 2 hung thần Thiên lý nhãn và Thuận phong nhĩ) được kể lại. Có 2 thuyết khác nhau về năm mất của bà, thuyết đầu cho rằng bà mất năm 987 khi 28 tuổi, lúc bà lên núi và bay về trời, thuyết khác cho biết bà mất năm 16 tuổi khi bơi ra biển để tìm cha.
Sau khi bà mất được dân làng nhớ ơn, suy tôn là “Thông hiền linh nữ” và lập đền thờ. Triều đình nhà Tống sắc phong cho bà là “Thần nữ”, “Nam Hải thần nữ”, đời Tống Cao Tông phong bà là “Sùng Linh Huệ Chiêu Ứng Phu nhân”. Đời Nguyên Thế Tổ phong là “Hộ Quốc Linh Trước Thiên Phi”. Sau gia phong “Thiên Hậu” vào đời Khang Hy (nhà Thanh).
Hiện nay, tại Việt Nam, có Chùa Bà Thiên Hậu tại Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Hội quán Ôn Lăng tại Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Chùa Bà Thiên Hậu tại Bình Dương, Chùa Bà Mới tại Bình Dương, Đền Thiên Hậu tại Hưng Yên đều thờ phụng bà.
Tượng Bà Thiên Hậu tại Bình Dương
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