Bà Mụ Trời, Bà Mụ, Bà Mụ Cọp, hoặc Bà Mụ Vườn, Mẹ sanh, hay Mẹ sinh | 2 nhap 1

Bà Mụ Trời, còn gọi là Bà Mụ (婆母), Bà Mụ Cọp, hoặc Bà Mụ Vườn là một vị nữ thần được tôn thờ tại miếu Bà Mụ (Bến Gỗ, xã An Hòa, Thành phố Biên Hòa, tỉnh Đồng Nai​), nhậm việc sinh nở và con cái.

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Thần Tích

Hiện tại, trong ngôi miếu còn lưu giữ một bài vị bằng gỗ, chạm trỗ tinh vi ghi hàng chữ Hán Nôm: “Mụ Trời Huỳnh Thị Kiêu tôn thần” và bên hai cây cột của nhà thờ chánh điện có ghi bốn câu đối chữ Nôm:

“Đỡ đẻ cho người là chuyện nhỏ, hộ sanh giùm hùm mới phi thường.”

Theo một số cụ cao tuổi xã An Hòa kể lại một giai thoại dân gian, xưa kia làng Bến Gỗ có người phụ nữ tên Huỳnh Thị Kiêu làm nghề “mụ vườn” rất mát tay. Bà giúp cho nhiều người “mẹ tròn con vuông” để tích đức làm phước chứ không bao giờ nhận tiền công. Cho nên toàn thể dân làng cảm mến đức độ của bà. Vào một đêm sáng trăng, bà Kiêu nghe vách nhà có tiếng quào, bà nhìn ra thì thấy một con cọp rất lớn, miệng gầm gừ nhưng tỏ vẻ thống thiết chuyện gì. Hiểu ý, bà Kiêu hỏi vọng ra: “Phu nhân ngài sanh khó phải không?”, cọp gật đầu đáp lại rồi quỳ xuống ra dấu muốn cõng bà Kiêu đi. Bà Kiêu vội vã xách giỏ đồ nghề rồi leo lên lưng cọp. Ông ba mươi đưa bà đến cái hang nơi có con cọp cái đang kêu rống thảm thiết vì bị đẻ ngược. Bà Kiêu nhanh nhẹn “ra tay” đỡ đẻ cho cọp cái, chỉ ít phút cho “ra đời” chú cọp con khỏe mạnh.

Xong việc, “ông cọp” đưa bà trở lại nhà. Từ đó, sáng nào trước nhà bà Kiêu cũng có xác một con heo rừng, cheo, thỏ, sóc của chúa sơn lâm mang đến tận nhà bà để đền ơn. Cũng từ sự tích trên mà nhân dân xưng tụng bà Kiêu gọi là “bà Mụ Cọp” hay “bà Mụ Trời”. Bà sống thọ được 60 tuổi, đến giờ hạ huyệt thì bỗng đâu có một đàn cọp đến rống lên ba tiếng tiễn đưa, rồi mới bỏ đi. Sau khi bà Kiêu qua đời, dân làng tiếc thương bà, lập một ngôi miếu nhỏ bằng tranh tre vách lá thờ bà ngay tại mảnh đất lúc sinh thời bà ở và suy tôn bà là nữ thần của làng.

Hàng năm, nhân dân Bến Gỗ tổ chức cúng giỗ bà vào ngày 10, 11, 12 tháng 2 (âm lịch) với các nghi thức cúng tế, văn tế mang đầy màu sắc tâm linh tín ngưỡng dân gian Nam Bộ còn lưu truyền.^[1]

1.  https://plo.vn/van-hoa/ho-so-phong-su/ky-la-dan-lap-mieu-tho-ba-mu-vuon-569134.html

Nơi thờ Bà Mụ Trời phối tự với Ngũ Hành Nương Nương

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Bà Mụ (婆母), gọi nôm na là Mẹ sanh (媄生, hay “Mẹ sinh”) theo quan niệm dân gian là những tiên nương phụ trách vấn đề sinh đẻ, được người dân tại Việt Nam thờ cúng theo tín ngưỡng.

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Sự tích

Sự tích 12 Bà Mụ được Nguyễn Đổng Chi kể trong sách Lược khảo về thần thoại Việt Nam: Sự tích của 12 vị nữ thần này hiện nay chúng ta chỉ còn biết một cách lờ mờ. Có thuyết nói đó là các thần giúp việc cho Ngọc Hoàng từ lúc ông ta có ý định sáng tạo ra loài người. Nhưng cũng có thuyết lại cho đó là những thần được Ngọc Hoàng giao phó trách nhiệm sau khi ông đã sáng tạo ra đủ số lượng người và vật ở hạ giới. Nói cách khác, 12 bà Mụ là những vị thần có trách nhiệm nắn lại cơ thể cho một người nào đó khi được lệnh đầu thai.

Con số 12 Bà Mụ thường được giải thích bằng một vài quan điểm khác biệt nhau: có quan điểm cho rằng đó là một tập thể chịu trách nhiệm chung công việc tạo thành con người, và cách giải thích khác là mỗi Bà Mụ lo một việc: người nắn tai, người nắn mắt, người nắn tứ chi, người dạy trẻ cười, người dạy trẻ nói. Ở vùng đất phương Nam lại có quan niệm cho rằng 12 Bà Mụ là 12 vị luân phiên nhau lo việc thai sản trong 12 năm, tính theo “thập nhị chi” – tức theo 12 con giáp.

Danh sách 12 bà Mụ

Danh sách 12 bà Mụ, mỗi bà kiêm một việc trong sinh nở giáo dưỡng, bao gồm:

1. Mụ bà Trần Tứ Nương (陳四娘) coi việc sanh đẻ (chú sanh 註生)
2. Mụ bà Vạn Tứ Nương (萬四娘) coi việc thai nghén (chú thai 註胎)
3. Mụ bà Lâm Cửu Nương (林九娘) coi việc thụ thai (thủ thai 守胎)
4. Mụ bà Lưu Thất Nương (劉七娘) coi việc nặn hình hài nam, nữ cho đứa bé (chú nam nữ 註男女).
5. Mụ bà Lâm Nhất Nương (林一娘) coi việc chăm sóc bào thai (an thai 安胎)
6. Mụ bà Lý Đại Nương (李大娘) coi việc chuyển dạ (chuyển sanh 轉生)
7. Mụ bà Hứa Đại Nương (許大娘) coi việc khai hoa nở nhụy (hộ sản 護產)
8. Mụ bà Cao Tứ Nương (高四娘) coi việc ở cữ (dưỡng sanh 養生)
9. Mụ bà Tăng Ngũ Nương (曾五娘) coi việc chăm sóc trẻ sơ sinh (báo tống 報送)
10. Mụ bà Mã Ngũ Nương (馬五娘) coi việc ẵm bồng con trẻ (tống tử 送子)
11. Mụ bà Trúc Ngũ Nương (竹五娘) coi việc giữ trẻ (bảo tử 抱子)
12. Mụ bà Nguyễn Tam Nương (阮三娘) coi việc chứng kiến và giám sát việc sinh đẻ (giám sanh 監生).

Các bà Mụ được thờ cúng tại một số đền chùa như chùa Hóc Ông, chùa Biên Hòa, chùa Phước Tường Thủ Đức, chùa Minh Hương Gia Thạnh Chợ Lớn, chùa Bà Mụ ở Hội An; trong gia đình khi phụ nữ mới sinh hay con cháu đau yếu, và đặc biệt được tôn vinh trong nghi thức cúng Mụ tổ chức khi đứa trẻ đầy cữ (mới sinh được 3 ngày), đầy tháng (sinh được 1 tháng); đầy tuổi tôi (sinh được 100 ngày) và thôi nôi (đầy năm).

Trong tín ngưỡng dân gian ở miền bắc còn một bà Mụ, gọi là Chúa mụ (主母), cai quản, trông nom công việc của 12 Bà mụ kia.

Tượng Bà Mụ